1. Intuitive Method: The intuitive method is a diagnostic approach that relies on observing physical and sensory changes such as visual, auditory, thermal, and olfactory cues to identify faults. This method includes the following techniques: A. Visual Inspection: Carefully examine the system with the naked eye for signs of damage, such as blown fuses, burnt components, or open circuits. Check mechanical parts like drive shafts for bending or shaking. B. Auditory Analysis: Listen for abnormal sounds caused by malfunctions in CNC machines, such as humming from transformers, buzzing from loose cores, or mechanical noises like friction, vibration, or impact. These sounds can indicate issues in electrical or mechanical components. C. Tactile Examination: Use your hands to feel for unusual temperature rises, vibrations, or surface irregularities that may not be visible. Gently tapping suspected areas with an insulated tool can also help detect poor connections or virtual welding in the CNC system. D. Olfactory Detection: Smell for burning or smoke-like odors, which may signal insulation failure, short circuits, or excessive friction in electrical components. 2. Data Analysis Method: This approach involves analyzing technical documentation and data to identify patterns and determine the root cause of a fault. Key materials include: A. NC System Data: Understand the characteristics, alarm codes, and troubleshooting procedures of the numerical control system. Study parameter settings, programming methods, panel functions, and motor performance. Pay attention to block diagrams and LED indicators on printed circuit boards. B. Electrical Schematics: Review electrical drawings to identify components like contactors, relays, and PLC I/O modules. Be aware of differences in electrical symbols across countries. C. Mechanical, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic Drawings: Clarify the roles of each component in these systems and mark them on the drawings. Focus on electromechanical interactions that are closely related. D. Foreign Language Documentation: When possible, refer to original foreign language manuals for imported equipment to avoid errors from translation. 3. Fault Symptom Analysis Method: A. Vibration Analysis: Due to limitations in testing conditions, some fault symptoms are hard to detect. However, vibration analysis is considered one of the most effective methods for diagnosing mechanical faults in CNC machines. It provides quick, real-time feedback on the machine's condition. Vibration analysis is divided into time-domain and frequency-domain methods: (1) Time-Domain Analysis: Compare vibration signals from normal and faulty states. Techniques include statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and synchronization analysis to identify periodic components in noisy signals. (2) Frequency-Domain Direct Analysis: Use Fourier transforms to convert time-domain signals into frequency-domain spectra, revealing amplitude and phase information for fault diagnosis. (3) Frequency-Domain Secondary Analysis: Further process spectral data using advanced methods like power spectrum, cepstrum, and wavelet analysis to improve accuracy. B. Noise Spectrum Analysis: This method is useful when vibration sensors cannot be easily placed. For example, gear wear increases noise levels significantly. Although vibration amplitudes may not be large, noise analysis offers rich, non-contact data but requires careful handling of environmental interference. C. Oil Analysis: Monitoring lubricant condition helps diagnose wear-related failures. Methods include: (1) Magnetic Plug Inspection: Use a magnetic plug to collect ferromagnetic particles from the oil to assess wear. (2) Particle Counting: Automatically measure and analyze particle size using optical methods. (3) Spectroscopy: Analyze metal content in oil samples based on emitted light spectra. (4) Iron Spectroscopy: Separate and analyze abrasive particles under a magnetic field to understand wear mechanisms and conditions. 4. Expert System Approach: An expert system typically consists of a knowledge base, inference engine, user interface, knowledge acquisition module, and explanation tools. The knowledge base is the most critical part. One common method for building it is the fault tree technique, which breaks down system faults into mechanical, feed drive, NC, and spindle servo subsystems. Each subsystem can be further divided into sub-faults, leading to root causes like hardware failure or environmental factors. Logical gates connect events, forming a structured diagnostic model. With many fault trees built, this data can be used to create a database for the expert system. Neural network-based systems are also used, leveraging their ability to learn and adapt for more accurate diagnostics.
With Push-in connection technology, you can connect conductors easily – both directly and without tools, insert forces reduced by 50%. it is suitable for various applications. Insert rigid conductors or conductors with ferrules from 0.25mm² into the conductor shaft.The contact spring opens automatically and provides the required pressure force against the current bar.
When installing smaller conductors from 0.14mm², use a standard screwdriver to push the orange button and actuate the contact spring.
Push-in Connection have test and passed various certificates. For example, Vibration resistance in accordance with railway standard DINEN50155,shock and corrosion resistance in accordance with current shipbuilding registers.
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