1 lighting impact on the human body
The basic requirements of lighting are based on the assumption that people are working properly. There are both visibility to the visual work (the factors affecting the visibility of the object are the brightness or illuminance, the color, the brightness contrast, the size of the object), and a pleasant and comfortable visual environment.
The lighting brightness of the working face in the factory building is based on the principle of conducive to actual production, meeting the normal operation requirements of the on-site staff and improving labor efficiency. At the same time, it ensures the personal health, safety and labor protection of the on-site operators. Therefore, in the actual lighting device design, the lighting device is generally rationally and scientifically configured, and the direct lighting and indirect (reflective) lighting methods are utilized to increase the light utilization efficiency of the lighting device as much as possible, thereby maximizing the lighting device. The efficiency of the lighting, reducing the power consumption of lighting, to achieve energy savings.
Practice has proved that the illumination level of the workplace or living environment has a great impact on personal health, work mood, labor efficiency, etc.: sufficient and soft light will make people's mood stable, happy, and work efficient; and low illumination, A dimly lit work or living environment can lead to stress, fatigue, and inefficiency. According to scientific assessment, there are three main aspects to the influence of illumination on the person.
1 1 illuminance affects people's fatigue
According to field assessment, illuminance is closely related to the degree of human fatigue. The illumination of work and living environment is too low, people are prone to fatigue, work efficiency is low (work quality is poor and speed is slow); under the same working conditions, illumination is high, light is sufficient, people's mood is stable, mood is good, pressure is small, fatigue is not easy ,high working efficiency.
1 2 illuminance affects people's vision
Under normal circumstances, people with normal vision have normal vision when they are in an illumination condition of 50 70lx (lux). If the illuminance is too high or too low, people's vision will be affected to some extent. If the work site or the living environment is too bright, the human vision will be glaring and uncomfortable. If you are in this environment for a long time, it will cause pain and fatigue to the human eye. If the work or living environment is too low, the person's vision will be Significantly worse, causing blurred vision, eye swelling, dryness and other symptoms, and even lead to misuse, causing a safety accident.
1 3 illuminance affects people's ability to misrecognize
The degree of illuminance is also closely related to the misunderstanding of people. The illumination of the workplace or living environment is too low, and the recognition ability of people will be significantly reduced. It is easy to cause abnormal phenomena such as misunderstanding, illusion and hallucination, causing abnormal symptoms such as human error, insensitivity and unresponsiveness. The vision can be restored to the normal state, and its recognition power can be best, and the phenomenon of clear vision, misunderstanding and misoperation can be avoided.
In short, the level of illuminance is closely related to people's normal working conditions. Only scientifically and reasonably configure the lighting system facilities so that the illumination of the workplace or living environment can meet the actual production requirements, so as to better protect the physical and mental health of the staff, maximize the performance and work efficiency, and avoid equipment accidents and personal injuries. And so on.
2 factors affecting the brightness of the lighting
The factors that determine the brightness of the lighting generally have three aspects: the total power of the lighting device, the light reflectivity of the lighting scene environment (the surrounding walls, the working surface, etc.) and the luminous efficiency of the lighting fixture.
In practice, it is often found that there is sufficient lighting in the factory because the total power of the lighting device is large, and the number of lighting bulbs is large, such as the expansion of the lighting facilities of the old factory; the total power of some lighting devices is not large, but the site The light reflection coefficient of the object and the surrounding wall is high, and the reflected light is sufficient, thereby improving the illumination brightness, such as the lighting of the newly built factory building (the interior wall is painted with white paint, the equipment is treated with light paint); some are due to the illumination The maintenance of system luminaires pays attention to the results of the lighting facilities being fully utilized.
2 1 lighting device power
Increasing the number of lighting fixtures or increasing the power of the bulb will inevitably improve and improve the brightness of the work site in the plant, but at the expense of increased power consumption and lamp purchase costs. In an environment where energy is currently very tight, it is an uneconomic measure. In actual work, due to people's lack of understanding of the factors affecting lighting; or the neglect and disregard of lighting power consumption by many large consumers, many enterprises have generally adopted lighting facilities expansion methods to solve the problems faced by old and old factories. The nighttime lighting is not bright enough.
For example, the lighting system of large-scale production workshops such as the first-phase and second-stage aluminum electrolysis workshops, anode forming and roasting of a factory has been carried out for more than 20 years, and many lighting facilities have been expanded and renovated. The indoor walls have never been cleaned or painted (the interior walls and ceilings have turned black or brown), the spotlights of the lighting fixtures are mostly damaged and discarded, and the lamps are never wiped and maintained, only when the lighting bulbs are defective. Only the maintenance method of the lamp replacement is performed.
2 2 light reflectance
The color of the interior wall is light, and the light reflection coefficient is high, which can significantly improve the light reflectivity and the illumination reflection component, and increase the light utilization efficiency of the lamp. 1 is the surface reflection coefficient of several different materials.
1 Surface reflection coefficient of different materials Color and reflection coefficient of material Reflection coefficient Black, purple 1 10 brown, blue 10 30 gray, red, green 10 50 light cyan, orange 30 50 light cyan, orange 30 50 white, silver 40 70
The brightness of the lighting in the living environment or on the working surface of the working building can be divided into direct lighting and indirect lighting. Direct illumination is the illuminance of the light emitted by the luminaire directly on the object surface, which is related to the power and luminous efficiency of the luminaire. The higher the power of the luminaire, the higher the luminous efficiency, the more direct illuminance is. The indirect illumination refers to the illuminance of the light emitted by the illuminating device after being reflected by the surrounding walls (including the surface of the ceiling, equipment, etc.). . When the wall reflectivity is low, the indirect illumination component is less, the surrounding wall has a high ability to reflect light, and the indirect illumination component is much. For example, in a factory, the anode forming carbon block library, roasting workshop and other lighting facilities in the factory, in the initial stage of production, its lighting brightness is sufficient, but after a few years, the production staff generally reflect the night work, fatigue, dry eyes, blurred vision, often Misoperations and other phenomena. After field investigation, it was found that the lighting facilities (number of bulbs and capacity) in the factory were not reduced, but the reflector of the lighting bulb was damaged more. The opaque reflector surface and the interior wall were heavily dirty and blackened, and the light reflectance was greatly increased. Lowering, the surface of the bulb is more dusty, and the light transmittance is worse, causing a large decrease in indirect and direct illumination.
According to the measurement, the actual lighting brightness in the factory has been reduced to 12 26lx (lumen), the original design is 50 60lx. This phenomenon is common in the carbon industry production plant. Because toner has the highest ability to absorb light, its reflection coefficient is almost zero. Therefore, a few years after the carbon new plant is put into operation, there will be a serious shortage of lighting on the indoor working surface. Some workshops have to turn on the light during the daytime; in the summer every day around 18:30, the lighting must be turned on. It can only be turned off after 9: 00. For example, if a factory builds 8 5 carbon forming, roasting, carbon block storage and other workshops, the lighting capacity of the plant is about half of the first and second phases (old factory) (only half of the quantity), which can meet the production operation needs. The lighting power of the lighting fixtures is 640 kW, but the walls of the newly built 8 5 factory buildings are all painted with white paint. The roofs of the first and second phases of the old factory are darker.
2 3 Maintenance level of lighting facilities
The luminous efficiency of lighting fixtures decreases with the extension of working time. The surface of a clean luminaire is inevitably high in efficiency; the filthy luminaire has poor light penetration. Regular, planned cleaning, wiping the fixture, replacing bulbs with aging, poor penetration and low luminosity can significantly improve illumination. For example, the lighting bulb of the aluminum electrolysis production workshop, due to the strong corrosiveness of hydrogen fluoride gas, causes the surface of the bulb (glass product) to corrode, resulting in a significant reduction in light penetration capability. According to the actual measurement, the light penetration ability of the bulb after 2 months in the aluminum electrolysis plant is reduced to about 70%. 2 is the change of the performance parameters of a certain high-pressure mercury lamp during normal use in the aluminum electrolysis plant.
2 High-pressure mercury lamp operating parameters in the aluminum electrolysis plant change time (month) luminous efficiency % light transmittance % measured number of bulbs 1 94 82 86 15 2 88 68 74 15 3 82 48 57 15 4 78 37 45 15 5 74 28 34 15 6 71 23 27 9
Data source: measurement record of a factory control department; lamp manual.
3 measures to improve and improve the brightness of the lighting
Practice has proved that reasonable and scientific management and maintenance of lighting facilities can significantly improve the illumination of night lighting. In daily work, we must pay attention to the replacement and maintenance of lighting fixtures, as well as the cleaning and painting of reflective surfaces such as lighting walls. Only in this way can we maximize the efficiency of existing lighting facilities.
3 1 According to the maintenance rate of the lighting facilities, the maintenance rate of the maintenance work lighting facilities M and the maintenance rate of the lighting fixtures and the bulbs are partially maintained, the luminous flux reduction rate Me and the maintenance rate of the interior lighting of the lighting site M w related.
Md is inferred from the data of the designed lighting equipment, and its value is 1 0 0 8.
Me is estimated by considering the lamp luminous flux maintenance characteristics and the method of replacing the non-bright bulb, and the brightness of the entire lighting device is lowered, and it is also related to the type of the bulb. Before the average life, its size continues with time, with a value of 1 0 0 6.
Mw is a decrease in reflected light caused by deterioration of the reflection coefficient of each surface caused by fading or discoloration such as indoor walls, ceilings, floors, or work surfaces. It varies according to the environment and work content. It can be preliminarily guessed by experience and obtained after actual statistics, analysis and modification of various expenses. The value is 1 0 0 3.
M= MdMeMw( 1)
If the M value is less than 0 45, the actual working effect of the lighting facilities has been reduced to about 75% of the initial stage. The maintenance of the lighting fixtures should be carried out in time. According to experience, the lighting cleaning and bulb replacement should be considered first, and then the maintenance of the wall surface is considered. , painting maintenance work.
3 2 Reasonably replace the bulb
The method of replacing the bulb is closely related to the production nature of the enterprise, the dust concentration in the plant, and whether there is corrosive gas.
3 2 1 Replace only the unlit bulb at the appropriate time (20 t1 40 days)
(1) Suitable for small-scale lighting facilities.
(2) It is not economical in places where the number of lighting fixtures is large.
(3) It is easy to appear that many bulbs suddenly do not illuminate, and there will be a problem that the brightness changes greatly.
(4) It is difficult to carry out planned cleaning work on lighting facilities.
(5) Since the number of bulbs replaced each time is uncertain, it is difficult to accurately budget.
For example, the method of replacing the bulb is suitable for the lighting of the high-rise building of the anode molding of a factory. Since the spacing of each layer is less than 4 m, the maintenance work such as wiping the bulb and the concentrator can be conveniently replaced by the human ladder, and the factory is also in the factory. Non-corrosive gas, the main dust is carbon powder, so the surface area of ​​the lamp is easy to remove, and its maintenance work is convenient.
3 2 2 Replace all bulbs after a certain period of time ( 4 t2 August)
(1) Suitable for large-scale lighting installations.
(2) The illumination level varies greatly.
(3) Since the number of lamp replacements is certain each time, it is easy to budget and arrange work.
For example, in a factory, the anode roasting and the lighting in the charcoal block factory, because the lamps are installed at the top of the 12 m high factory, each time the bulb is replaced and maintained, it needs to be carried out by means of a crane and a dedicated platform. . In addition, since the asphalt dust is emitted during the production of the baking furnace, it will adhere to the bulb and the concentrating cover. Therefore, this method is used to maintain the lighting facilities, and the maintenance period of the roasting workshop lamps is set to 3 5 40 months; the maintenance period of the material warehouse lamps is set to 5 5 60 months, which is more suitable.
3 2 3 Replace the non-bright bulb at the appropriate time t1, and replace it after a certain t2 time (1) Suitable for large-scale facilities and places where the bulb is easy to replace.
(2) It can reduce the capacity of lighting equipment.
(3) Suitable for lamps with light pollution and long lamp life.
(4) For places with poor lighting environment (such as dusty and corrosive gas), t2 may be smaller; lighting environment is generally, smokeless dust, and its t2 may be larger.
For example, in a factory's aluminum electrolysis workshop, the lighting fixtures are installed on the top of the 8 m high plant and the side of the feeding platform at 7 m. The top lighting facilities need to use the crane to complete the bulb replacement, bulb wiping, concentrator maintenance and other operations; the side of the feeding platform lighting station can be upgraded to complete the work. Therefore, the side lighting fixtures are replaced with light bulbs every 10 15 days, while other bulbs are wiped and the hood is cleaned; the top lamps are taken for 25 30 days for a non-light bulb replacement and maintenance; During the production process of the tank, a corrosive gas, hydrogen fluoride, is emitted to corrode the surface of the bulb (forming a poorly transmissive, dense solid). Therefore, it is a more appropriate maintenance method to replace the lamp that has been used for 34 months (marked by lamp replacement and recorded to determine its time of use).
3 3 Strengthen the maintenance work of lighting fixtures and the on-site environment
The cleaning and maintenance intervals of the lighting fixtures should be determined according to factors such as the actual lighting conditions and environmental conditions. The most economical cleaning interval for lighting fixtures is that the cost of lighting loss due to fouling is equal to the cost of a cleaning (including the cost of the operator, the cost of materials consumed, the safety and security, and the impact on production).
Let B be the cost of cleaning once, C is the cost after deducting the cleaning fee from the monthly lighting fee, and Q is the lighting reduction due to one month of pollution. The economic cleaning interval T can be approximated by (2): T = 2BC Q( 2)
All kinds of electric light sources and lighting fixtures, with the extension of use time, their efficiency will gradually decrease, especially the pollution of lighting fixtures, the luminous flux of the bulb will be greatly reduced. If a factory has no cleaning lamps for 3 months, the actual luminous flux is reduced to 76% 82%. After 3 months of use in the aluminum electrolysis plant, the actual luminous flux drops to 48% 57%. Reasonable lighting fixtures Cleaning cycle can refer to 3.
3 lamps and their environment maintenance and cleaning cycle under different pollution levels Environmental pollution Production workshop lighting cleaning cycle / (time / month) wall cleaning cycle / (time / year) wall painting cycle / (time / year) general machining, Maintenance workshop 0 5 1 1 1 5 0 2 0 5 Serious pollution electrolysis, carbon forming, anode roasting, 1 2 1 5 3 0 5 1 outdoor roads, freight yards, etc. 0 5 /
1 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between maintenance degree and illumination illuminance of lighting facilities (including indoor walls). Set the initial illuminance to 100%. If it is used only, without cleaning the lighting fixture and replacing the bulb, the illuminance will be reduced to about 40% after 4 t. If the bulb is replaced and cleaned after 2 t, the illuminance can be 70. % is restored to the initial 95%; if the lamp is replaced once every t time, and then half of the bulb is replaced every t time, the illumination will remain at about 70% of the initial time even after 8 t.
In the past, due to the low price of electricity, this aspect was not taken seriously. The walls in the newly built factory buildings were generally not painted, and some of the factory windows were also designed to be small, and the use of natural light was insufficient. Practice has proved that the illumination of the original lighting facilities can be significantly improved by frequently maintaining the lighting facilities, timely replacing the non-bright light bulbs and the damaged spotlight cover, and timely cleaning the dust on the lamps and other maintenance work. The relationship between lighting costs and their maintenance. Due to the current energy shortages in various countries, the price of electricity is increasing, the energy cost of enterprises is increasing, and the domestic labor force is surplus, and the wages of employees are low. Therefore, it is generally appropriate to select the daily maintenance point on the right side of point b, but it cannot exceed c point. Otherwise, the maintenance cost of the lighting system will be greatly increased; according to the actual experience of a factory (point b is taken as 0 5 % 0 05), lighting It is more scientific and reasonable to choose the system maintenance rate in the ac interval.
3 4 using different lighting methods
According to the characteristics of the production site and its nature, according to the needs of the illumination of each working part, the lighting mode can be reasonably reduced, which can greatly reduce the lighting load and reduce the electricity consumption. In practice, in addition to general lighting, large-scale lighting in enterprises also adopts local lighting and hybrid lighting: (1) general lighting. It is a way to take large areas of illumination throughout a part of the workplace, characterized by a substantially uniform illumination.
This type of lighting is suitable for places where the working position is dense and there is no special requirement for the direction of illumination. Such as aluminum electrolysis workshop, foundry workshop, anode baking and other large production plants, night lighting.
(2) Partial illumination. It is a fixed or moving illumination that is limited to a certain working part (face). For work environments where local illumination requires high illumination and where the direction of illumination is required, local illumination should be used.
For example, when the raw material warehouse is working at night, the overhead crane only needs to identify the condition inside the silo under the overhead crane, and can carry out the operations such as picking, transporting and feeding, and the task can be completed, and other parts in the raw material warehouse do not require high-brightness illumination.
Due to the large mobility of the working surface of the grab crane, if general lighting is used, a large number of lighting fixtures need to be installed, and the electric energy is wasted more. The installation of lighting fixtures under the crane bridge can significantly improve the illumination brightness of the working surface of the crane, and reduce the general illumination, thereby reducing the power consumption of lighting and saving energy.
(3) Mixed lighting. It refers to the common lighting method of general lighting and local lighting. Hybrid lighting should be used for the overall brightness requirements of the workplace, and for some work surfaces that require high brightness and special illumination requirements. In the mixed lighting mode, care should be taken not to make the difference between the local illumination of the working surface and the surrounding environment too large, otherwise it will cause visual fatigue of the staff. The scientific illumination ratio is generally 13 or 15, but not more than 19.
4 Conclusion
(1) Under the conditions of no increase in lighting power and changing of lamps, the use of regular maintenance (cleaning, replacement, cleaning, painting, etc.) lighting fixtures and on-site walls can greatly tap the efficiency of existing lighting facilities, improve and Improve lighting brightness, make more scientific and full use of limited energy, and this method is economical and affordable, and should be taken seriously.
(2) For indoor rooms with large floor area and higher ceilings, the indirect illuminance component is the majority, and the wall reflectance has a greater influence on the brightness of the illumination. The method and measures for increasing the reflection coefficient of the wall surface of the plant and increasing the indirect illumination can also achieve the purpose of improving the working illumination. For example, regularly paint the wall with white paint, regularly remove dirt and dust, keep the window glass clean and transparent, and apply light paint to the surrounding items such as equipment. These measures have gradually been adopted and promoted by people, and it is also one of the effective measures for lighting equipment to save electricity.
(3) For enterprises with very large electricity consumption, the proportion of electricity consumption in the lighting facilities in the plant is small, but for the whole society and many other small and medium-sized enterprises, each kilowatt hour electrode is important and precious. Therefore, every enterprise should consider and tap the potential of energy saving and consumption reduction from every kilowatt-hour electricity consumed by itself, and strive to save every kilowatt-hour electricity for enterprises and countries. In practice, some factories and mines use electricity to save electricity by using separate lights and reducing the number of lights. Although the lighting power is reduced, the living environment of the staff and the environment of the workplace are deteriorated, the actual production efficiency is reduced, and the actual production efficiency is lost. The fundamental significance of saving electricity and reducing consumption. As an energy saving measure, it is necessary to consider a reasonable use method of energy saving and energy saving including the entire system of a person.
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