1 lighting energy-saving design
Lighting energy-saving design should promote green lighting. Green lighting is not just about lighting energy conservation, but to save energy and protect the environment on the basis of improving people's production, work, learning efficiency and quality of life, and protecting physical and mental health. Green lighting is not a simple energy saving in the past, but to implement energy conservation based on the establishment of a high-quality and efficient lighting environment. When designing the lighting, the function of the building should be maximized. A lighting project can not only focus on the physical characteristics of light, not only the illumination level, the layout of the lamps, but also the visual environment and lighting effects. Therefore, the lighting design should meet the different requirements of illumination illumination, color temperature and color rendering index of different places and parts of the building. Lighting energy-saving design probably includes the following aspects.
1. 1 correctly select high-efficiency light source
In recent years, lighting source products have been significantly improved, towards high light efficiency, high color rendering, long life, low price direction. The rapid development of gas discharge lamps is one of the most important representatives. Gas discharge lamps are divided into low pressure and high pressure. The low-pressure gas discharge lamp is represented by a fluorescent lamp, and the high-pressure gas discharge lamp is mainly a high-pressure sodium lamp and a metal halide lamp.
Fluorescent lamps have become the main light source for indoor lighting because of their high luminous efficiency, optional light color, small heat radiation and long life. They are widely used in various fields. Straight tube fluorescent lamps tend to be small in diameter, which is beneficial to improve light efficiency, save lamp materials, and especially reduce the amount of mercury and phosphors. From T12 to T8, to T5, the pipe diameter is getting smaller and smaller, which makes it easy to use rare earth tribasic toner, which makes the color rendering higher (Ra up to 85), the light efficiency is increased by 15% 20%, the light decay is small, and the life is longer. Long (up to 12 000 h), the amount of mercury used is reduced by 80%, which is more in line with energy conservation and environmental protection requirements.
1. 2 Select a suitable high-efficiency light source according to different workplaces
(1) Fluorescent lamps should be used in places where the installation height of lamps is low. Fluorescent lamps include straight tube fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps.
They all have the advantages of high luminous efficiency, long life, good color rendering, etc., but the former has higher luminous efficiency, longer life, higher luminous efficiency and better cost performance. Therefore, in addition to the decorative requirements, in general, straight tube fluorescent lamps should be used, and T5 thin tubes are recommended.
(2) Metal halide lamps should be used in places with high installation height of lamps, and medium-color high-pressure sodium lamps can also be used. For places where high color rendering is required, ceramic metal halide lamps can be used; for industrial sites where color rendering is not required, high-pressure sodium lamps with higher luminous efficiency and longer life can be used.
(3) High-frequency electrodeless fluorescent lamps should be used in places with high installation height and difficult maintenance (such as high halls). Its important features are long service life (up to 50 000 60 000 h), high luminous efficiency (60 70 lm /W), good color rendering (Ra up to 80), fast and reliable start-up.
(4) If a high-intensity discharge lamp (H ID) is to be used, a metal halide lamp or a high-pressure sodium lamp should be used, and a mercury lamp is generally not used. Metal halide lamps are developed on the basis of mercury lamps. Their luminous efficiency is about 60% higher than that of mercury lamps (400W for example), with higher color rendering index and longer life. Metal halide lamps are superior to high-pressure sodium lamps with better color rendering and spectral characteristics, and have better visual effects in most places.
(5) Limit the application of heat radiation sources (such as incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps for general lighting). The advantage of the heat radiation source is that the color development is good, the startup is fast, and the dimming is convenient; however, since the light effect is low and the life is not long, the use is limited. It should not be used except for dimming, frequent and short-duration work, and special decorative requirements.
1. 3 select high efficiency lamps
Luminaire efficiency is the ratio of the total luminous flux emitted by a luminaire to the total luminous flux emitted by all sources within the luminaire under the same conditions of use. The higher the reflectance of the reflective surface of the luminaire, the more reasonable the design of the reflective surface, and the higher the efficiency of the illumination. Generally, the luminaire efficiency can be increased by 10% and 50%. The efficiency of the selected open luminaire should be above 0.75. The efficiency of fluorescent lamps and high-intensity discharge lamps should meet the requirements of GB 3.534 2004 Architectural Lighting Design Standards 3.3.2.
1. 4 select high performance ballast
Gas discharge lamps are widely used because of their high efficiency compared to incandescent light, but they must be matched with ballasts to work properly. When fluorescent lamps are used as the main light source, the use of electronic ballasts instead of magnetic ballasts is an important measure for energy saving in lighting projects. Compared with magnetic ballasts, electronic ballasts have the following advantages: (1) High power factor. Power factor (COS) is an important indicator of power generation utilization. The lower the cos, the greater the reactive current and the lower the actual power that can be supplied to the user. 5。 The general ballast ballast cos is about 0.5, and the electronic ballast can be as high as 0. 96.
(2) High luminous efficiency. Electronic ballasts are high frequency excitations that make fluorescent lamps much more efficient than with inductive ballasts. The average electronic ballast is 68. 9 lm /W, while the magnetic ballast is only 50 lm /W.
(3) No strobe. The fluorescent lamp powered by the inductive ballast flashes for 50 weeks, which will seriously affect the worker's vision. The electronic ballast works under super audio and has no noise, which improves the comfort of the environment.
(4) No noise. Because the magnetic ballast has a core, if the process is improper, 50-week AC buzz will occur, the noise is harsh, and the electronic ballast works under super audio, eliminating the stroboscopic effect.
(5) Startup is fast and reliable. Inductive ballasts are activated by bimetal strips, which have contact sparks and poor contact, and are often affected by temperature and grid voltage. In winter, the temperature is low, and the starter is not easy to start. When the peak voltage of the power grid is low, it is difficult. Start up, therefore, cause the fluorescent lamp to blink multiple times, causing premature lamp damage. The electronic ballast generates glow discharge by high-frequency high-pressure gas. Even at a low temperature of -25 and a low voltage of 120 V, the lamp can be lit and can be started quickly and reliably at one time.
(6) Small size and light weight. Because there are no cores and coils, the electronic ballast weighs only 1/10 of the magnetic ballast and the volume is small, making the whole set lighter.
(7) The power saving effect is remarkable. A 36W fluorescent ballast ballast, due to the iron loss and copper loss of its core and coil account for 20% of the total power, the power consumption can reach about 8 W, and the electronic ballast itself consumes only 1 2 W.
As described above, since the electronic ballast improves the power factor, the amount of power generation is reduced, the exhaust gas emission is reduced, and environmental pollution is improved. At the same time, the use of magnetic ballasts reduces the consumption of silicon steel sheets and copper wires, thereby reducing the amount of steel and copper smelting, saving energy and eliminating emissions of exhaust gases and fumes during smelting. It is not difficult to imagine that if all fluorescent lamps are used as the main source and all electronic ballasts are used as accessories, the rolling effect of the green environment created by humans is considerable.
1. 5 Correct understanding and calculation of lighting power density (LPD) indicators
(1) According to the standard value of GB 50034 2004 architectural lighting design, the definition of lighting power density is: lighting installation power per unit area (including light source, ballast or transformer), the unit is W / m2.
(2) The lighting energy-saving design of public buildings should meet the relevant provisions of GB 50034 2004 architectural lighting design standard value. In order to achieve effective energy saving, in the energy saving part of Chapter 6 of GB 50034 2004, the lighting power density (LPD) index corresponding to the illuminance standard (that is, the electric power consumed per square meter) is limited as a mandatory provision.
(3) Illumination calculation cannot be performed by the backstep method. The so-called back-push method refers to the correct sequence of lighting design, and uses the minimum energy-saving standard required by the national standard (ie, the maximum limit of LPD) to push out the required number of lamps.
There are two situations in which lighting calculations can be performed using the inverse method: one is a light source that does not use high-efficiency light, and the high-efficiency luminaire. As a result, the actual illuminance of the room does not reach the specified illuminance standard. This method of using the reduced illumination standard to meet the LPD indicator does not achieve energy saving purposes. In another case, a high-efficiency light source and a high-efficiency luminaire are used. As a result, the illuminance of the room is much higher than the specified illuminance standard, and the number of luminaires calculated is far more than the actual required amount. The economy is very poor and energy conservation cannot be effectively implemented.
1. 6 lighting distribution
(1) Stable voltage measures should be considered in the design of lighting distribution.
When the voltage at the light source terminal is 1.1 UN, the input power will increase significantly. Incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps increased by 14% 15%, H ID increased by 20% 29% (including sodium lamps increased by 28% 29%). Therefore, in order to minimize various energy consumption, stable voltage measures (such as lighting-specific transformers) should be considered in the design, and automatic voltage regulation should be adopted. When sharing the transformer with the electric load, the influence of the impact load on the illumination should be avoided.
(2) Improve the power factor cos. The light source used in the street lamp is basically a gas discharge lamp. The power factor is low, generally below 0.55, so that the loop current is increased, and the loss generated on the line is very large. CJJ 45 1991 city road lighting design standard% (referred to as standard %), the gas discharge lamp should be added with capacitor compensation, the power factor after compensation should not be less than 0. 8. But the standard % is not clearly concentrated in the street lamp power supply , or disperse compensation at the luminaire. The author believes that the street lamp facilities are evenly distributed on both sides of the road. The low-voltage wiring from the street lamp power supply to the street lamp is longer. The loss caused by the road lighting system mainly occurs in this section. The centralized compensation method at the street lamp power supply does not reduce the power consumption of the low-voltage wiring. The use of single lamp dispersion compensation will undoubtedly reduce the loss generated by the street lamp power supply to the street lamp luminaire, which will have a better power saving effect.
(3) Reduce the line impedance. Appropriately increase the cable cross section, use cables or pipe lines.
(4) Adopt a reasonable control method. Such as microcomputer automatic switch light, voltage regulation, dimming control, constant power input, constant light output for road lights (sodium lamp), lowering lamp terminal voltage or lamp power after the morning to reduce light output and save input energy.
1. 7 lighting control
A lighting control scheme that is conducive to energy saving should be provided. For example, the energy-saving self-extinguishing switch is used in the common stairwell; the lamps controlled by each switch in the room should not be too much; the controlled light columns are parallel to the windows; the large space places such as the lecture hall are controlled by grouping close to or away from the podium.
2 attach importance to operation and maintenance management
In operation and use, scientific and reasonable maintenance and management must be carried out in order to achieve the expected goals of the design. For example, all industries are based on safety and do not affect their health. According to their respective situations, they gather various public energy conservation proposals and formulate specific energy-saving implementation rules.
3 Conclusion
The energy saving potential of architectural lighting is great. The energy-saving process of building lighting runs through the entire cycle of project decision-making, design, construction, and production. Lighting energy-saving design has become the top priority of electrical design. As an electrical designer, careful consideration should be given to the design, and the program should be compared, and comprehensive design should be carried out in terms of safety, reliability, economy and energy saving, and a reasonable lighting energy-saving scheme should be selected.
At the same time, the residents must be scientifically and reasonably maintained and managed while in operation. Therefore, in addition to actively promoting the GB 50034 2004 architectural lighting design standards, the state should give appropriate rewards to individuals and units that actively implement and seriously implement the national energy conservation policy and make outstanding contributions, so as to break through only the minimum energy saving in the country. The old thinking of standards mobilizes the energy-saving enthusiasm and creativity of the vast number of engineering and technical personnel.
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