Automotive Safety Trends - Eliminating Design Considerations for Blind Zones
Abstract: This article explores the safety trends of cars and the design considerations to eliminate blind spots, such as rear view and camera combinations, and hawkeye vision.
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From anti-lock braking systems to airbags, the importance of car safety has been the driving force behind a number of important innovations for many years. German car manufacturers are taking advantage of many of the most advanced technologies to improve driver safety and overall driving experience. For example, in the past two decades alone, German cars have taken the lead in providing active lane keeping assist, lane change assist, start and stop and brake assist. Among them, the lane keeping assist system alerts the driver that the car has deviated from the lane by vibrating the steering wheel. The lane change assist system is a radar-based system that alerts the driver to a car entering a blind spot to help with safe lane change. Start and stop and brake assist are extensions of cruise control that reduce the risk of rear-end collisions by applying brakes quickly before a collision.
These functions are becoming more complex and ubiquitous, especially as security cameras are used in cars and the driver's blind spots are eliminated.
Design considerations
Cost and reliability are two key design considerations for automakers as backsight and other cameras become mainstream. The two elements of system cost are the camera and display. The initial implementation utilized a low cost display mounted in the rearview mirror. As navigation units and in-dash displays become more common, they are also used to display rear view camera images. The original design wanted to run the video through the core processor responsible for managing the infotainment subsystem. But these complex system-on-chip (SoC) problems bring reliability problems. Because they are too slow to start, they can't provide rear-view camera images to the driver in time after the car is ignited.
Another option (especially when the load on these SoCs continues to increase) is to bypass the SoC with a "hardware-implemented" video decoder and LCD controller solution to deliver the reversing image almost immediately to the display (Figure 1 ) to ensure reliable delivery in less than 500ms.
This solution enables the system to detect lockouts and bypass the SoC when needed. Hardware bypass provides the robustness and reliability of communications required by all major OEMs.
Another challenge faced by current system architects is that most digital SoCs do not have enough ports to accommodate the increasing number of video inputs required by modern cars. Therefore, although they have the ability to process this data - although not always so reliable, data from multiple inputs cannot be transferred to the device immediately. The answer is that these signals are interleaved together over a single data bus, and the bus requires only one video interface to the application processor. The SoC is therefore able to decompose and process multiple different video streams. Over time, the number of interleaved video streams will increase, supporting more video input. The multi-channel analog video decoder used in the interleaved digital output scheme frees up valuable pins on the SoC, which is an important design consideration.
There is also a cost advantage. With as many as eight cameras per car, cost is an important factor in the entry of these safety features into more mid- to low-end cars. High-definition cameras that require more complex and expensive processing and wiring are not a cost-effective option for these cars. Conversely, analog technology is fully functional and provides a reliability advantage at much lower implementation costs.
Gain a hawk eye view
Now, automakers are no longer arguing whether rear-view cameras are useful, and most manufacturers are making great strides to make panoramic surround-view functionality a standard safety feature for many models.
The panoramic look-around monitoring system (also known as the panoramic look-around monitor) processes video from four in-vehicle cameras and then merges the four images into a eagle-eye top view, just like a camera directly above the car. The monitor helps the driver visually confirm the position of the car relative to the surrounding objects to facilitate maneuvering and parking. According to research by Infinity Research, the application rate of a panoramic view monitor alone reached 33% by 2018.
The cost-effectiveness of implementing this application has increased and offers a number of reliability benefits through the new multi-channel video decoder technology developed for panoramic surround-parking assisted applications. Integration is always a key enabler, and the latest solution supports four independent analog camera inputs by integrating four high-quality NTSC/PAL analog video decoders with a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) (Figure 2). A flexible digital output interface sends the image to the processor, which then combines the four images into a single panoramic view. The on-chip analog video decoder is capable of transmitting the composite video as a standard analog composite signal to the car audio body display. The ability to directly receive differential analog video inputs eliminates the need to configure a peripheral power amplifier on each input channel, further reducing component count. This high level of integration helps simplify system design and minimize solution size to save valuable board space and lower total system cost, a key factor in making this feature popular.
Flexibility is also important. With a variety of implementations possible, these new four-channel video decoders now offer a digital output interface to support multiple configurations, including standard ITU-R BT.656 format output via four 27MHz 8-bit buses; The 54MHz 8-bit bus transmits the time division multiplexed byte interleaved output of the dual channel video; or the time division multiplexed byte interleaved output of the four channel video is transmitted through a 108MHz 8-bit bus. This allows system engineers to design a large number of functional variants for different models without the need for a completely new design. Design engineers should also note that some video decoders and encoders have features that are more suitable for monitoring systems than automotive applications because they do not have critical assertive functions such as shorting the battery and shorting to ground, which can further improve reliability. And ensure that system design engineers don't have to spend money on features they don't need.
Future trend
Safety has been an important differentiator in the past decade – the availability of crash test data and the ability to avoid small bumps and serious accidents have become important considerations for consumers when choosing a car. This has changed the way car manufacturers promote these new features. As consumers prepare to spend money on security, features such as blind zone monitors and lane departure warnings make it more attractive to have a central LCD and infotainment system than to get a better radio or navigation system by upgrading. The additional high-end features of the base model are increasingly focused on helping to achieve better visibility and safety, and have proven to be a better economic option for automakers.
With the cost of implementing safety features making it possible to implement on more mainstream models, more progress will come. More and more video will be used to provide features such as night vision and auto-brightening and dimming to improve visibility, for example, the windshield will be another display for displaying diagnostic data. Providing reliable, easy-to-integrate and cost-effective video solutions will be a key enabler of next-generation ADAS functionality, which will increase driver safety and ultimately increase consumer demand for new cars.
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